Method of utilizing energy derived from rapid combustion.



W. H. SMYTH. METHOD 0F UTILIZING ENERGY DBRIVBD FROM RAPID ooMBUsTIoN.

APPLICATION FILED 00T.13.1902.

Patented June 10, 1913.

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a l/Do .n l S is, L@ N 5 9 2 @n wmf. E J, H.,w,r,v,//..,.W f l ,l H y ml l www W. H. SMYTH. METHOD OF UTILIZING ENERGY DBRIVBD FROM RAPIDCOMBUSTION.

APPLICATION FILED 0GT.13, 1902.

Patented June 10, 1913.

4 SHEBTS-SIIEET 2.

W. H. SMYTH. METHOD OF UTILIZING ENERGY DERIVED P BOM RAPID COMBUSTION.

APPLICATION FILED 00T.13, 1902.

Patented June l0, 1913.

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*l* LEVEL CLOSED CLOSED W. H. SMYTH. METHOD 0F UTILIZING ENERGY DBRIVBDFROM RAPID COMBUSTION.

APPLICATION FILED OT.13, 1902.

Patented June 10,1913.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

WATER ENTRANCE vALvE 1: 961.05m

AIR ENTRANCE VALVE I CLOSED VALVE 1 LPANSION VALVE VAI-VE LCLCSED ofUtilizing Finergy the purposes ot this disclosure is one expres- 'tionof power t'or motive purposes generally,

invidia sirius rafiiiivfr lorries.

WILLIAM H. SMYTH, 0F BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR TO HUMPHREY GASORA'IION OF NEW YORK.

METHOD 0F UTILIZ'ING ENERGY DERI JED FROM RAPID COMBUSTION.

Specification of Letters Patent- Iatented June 1.0, 1913.

Application filed October 13, 1902. Serial No. 127,172.

To @ZZ-whom t may concer/i Be it known that I, Nieman Il. Siii'frii', acitizen ot" the United States, residing at Berkeley, in the county ofAlameda and State of California, have invented certain new andusefulImprovements in i/[ethods Derived from Rapid do hereby declare theCombustion; and l and exact defollowing to be a full, clear, scriptionof the saine.

This invention relates to a new method or process of raising or lmovingwinter. ln addition to its application to moving water, it includes theutilizing ot energy, derived from explosions gene'ally.

The particular application used herein Afor sion; the compression of airis another, to which it is equally applicable. `The gencrais stillanother expression oi its utilization oit heat energy.

It has been my object to maire the invention underlying the presentdisclosure available for all forms of pumping.

This invention is of so generic and pioneer a character and theconditions of its use are so diverse that many new arts and types ofapparatus grow out thereot` and constitute separate patentable subjectmattei'. This is exemplified in certain copendiiig applica` tions towhich reference is here made.

Applicant refers to his copcnding applications and patents as followsz-Application filed Oeil. 13, 1902, Serial No. 127,173 de scribes andclaims apparatus and means tor eti'ecting the present invention. Application tiled Feb. 5, '1900, tlerial No. 1127, le` scribes and claimsbroadly his invention in the art of utilizing lieat energy, by the epansion oit combustible charges against liquid, moving a body of liquidby the action of said expansion, and compressing fresh expansiblecharges by energy derived from previous expansions. lpplication tiledFeb. 5, 1900, Serial No. 11.28 describes and claims apparatus and means.t'or eltlecting the invention described in his application No. L1127.Application filed Feb.5,1900, Serial No. 4129 describes andclaimssyriecial forni otapparatus in the saine art, in which torexample,a combustion chamber is provided with an igniter,

chamber surrounding the combustion chamber, having an inlet passagethereto and a discharge t'roin the air chamber. Application tiled Aug.el, 1903, Serial No. 108,233 describes a special Yform ol apparatus inthe same art in which there is provided, for ex ample, a cylinder withan independent piston, a charge chamber attached to the cylin` derprovided with a pump suitably placed to engage the piston and to beoperated thereby and introduce fuel into the cylinder, the cylinderl andpiston being suitably arranged to compress the charge by the m0- mentuniot the piston. Patent No. 936,677 dated Oct. l2, 1909 and latent No.950,082 dated Feb. 22nd, 1910, describe means relating to the same art.

`This invention may be carried into effect by many forms ot', apparatusland may be employed under many different circumstances in which itisdesired or necessary to raise or movel water, compress air or furnishmotive power.

One simple form of means for ell'ecting this invention, and by which itsobjects may be accomplished is illustrated in the accompanying drawings,in which Figure l is a vertical sectionof the upper portion of one form2 is an elevation partly in section of a modtcation. Fig. 3 is avertical section of the lower portion of the same apparatus to whichFig. 1 refers. Fig. 4 is a vertical section of the lower portion of thesame appa` ratus to which Fig. 2 refers. Fig. 5 is a diagrammaticrepresentation of the apparatus, illustrated in Figs. 1 and B, inoperation. The diagram being in two parts l and Il which arelongitudinal continuations of ,each other placed side by side forconvenience of illustration. Fig. is '.i similar diagram referring tothe apparatus illustrated in Figs. 2 and -l,.1hc parts of which aremarked 1 and ll. Fig. 7 ing the cycle of operations or steps in theprocess as carried into effect in the apparatus shown on Figs. 1, 2, 3and 4. i

Referring to the drawings, 1 is an explosion chamber provided at with anair inlet valve 2. Any suitable means for supplying fuel may beprovided; Ori'esuch is shownin the present illustra tion as consistingof a piston 3 in ac linder and means-are provided to regulate the in andoutflow of liquids, with an air l open inwardly to the explosion c amberot the apparatus. Fig..

its' upper end' and a spring i resting against the piston. This piston 3perates the plunger pump 6, which has pipe connections to a suitablesource of fuel, and also through check valve 7 to the exploslionchamber. The plunger 'of this pump ist shown as a piston rod attached topiston 3. A device to limit the motion of piston 3 is provided, which isillustrated herein as a rod 8 attached to piston 3 and extending to theexterior loi? the explosion chamber` where it -is supplied with athreaded stop 92 and operating handle 10.

An igniting device of any suitable character is provided. @ne such isillustrated in Fig. l, in which altappet or projection extendinglaterally from the side of rod 8, as shown at 11, forms'ia wiper and oneof thev electrodes of a suitable electric battery 12. The otherelectrode 13 consistsof an ordinary `ilat spring inthe path of movementof the wiper 11, see Fig. 1,. and is attached to a suitably insulatedplug 14 which passes to the outside of theexplosion chamber 1, see Fig.2. v s

Extending downwardly from andfas a continuation of the explosion chamber1 is a pipe 15 of a. length to suit the requirements of the situation orcondition under which the 'deifice is to operate. The lower end of thisvpipe is preferably enlarged to form an expansion chamber 16 and it isopen at the bottom to permit outflow therefrom. Adjacent' to the lowerend of 16 is a deflector 17 shown in the present instance as a concavering or annulus. 'Below this detlector is provided a suitable valve 18.A short distance from the expansion chamber 16 is provided an outwardlyopening valve 19. For reasons which will hereinafter be described, thisvalve L9 is arranged to act only as a partial or temporary check leavingthe discharge passage of the liquidl always, at least partly, open forthe return of the liquid. .This opening may vary as to size. An airchamber 21, preferably formed around the pipe 15 and the explosionchamber 1, is provided. lIt is shown in the present instance as a pipeextending from near the -top of the explosion chamber down to a shortdistance'above the valve 19, and being open at its lower extremity.Surrounding the expansion chamber is the pipe 22, which in this form mayserve also as a well casing as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. An outlet 23 ofany suitable character is provided in this pipe. In Fig. 1, I have alsoshown a liquid fuel t-ank24, which for convenience is made of annularshape and rests upon and around the upper portion of air chamber 21.

- As will be seen from the drawings, in the` forms illustrated, the pipe22 is in eiect a discharge pipe for the whole of its length, that isfrom the inlet valve 18 to the discharge aperture 23. It however attimes during the operation, performs other functions than merely actingas a discharge conduit.

valve 18, performs the function with chamber 1G of an expansion chamber.performs thet'unctions of an inlet pipe. These various capacities of thepipe make it diflicult to separate the inlet in the present form, thefunctions of these various devices happen to be all performed by pipe22. It is not however necessary that these various functions should beperformed by the same pipe. It is thus more convenient for the purposeof the description to consider the pipe 22 from end to end and so.ldescribe it as a discharge pipe, .than to designate various undefinedportions by names indicating functions which during the operation theseparts-perform, in addition to the general function oit charge conduitfor the water into the structure.

The preceding description refers particularly to Figs. 1 and 3 though itis applicable also to Figs. 2 and 4 with the exception that in thellatter case, the outer pipe 22 is independent of the well casing and isanintegral which passe:

part of the apparatus and removableffromA the well therewith. In thislatter form no special fuel supply is shown as this is intended to bellocated at any suitable or convenient place. A

The cycle of operation and the steps of the vprocess as exemplifiedinthe apparatus, are illustrated in the diagrammaticseries Fig. 7 inwhich, for simplicity and clearness, the details of mechanicalconstruction have been omitted. I shows the charge in the explosionchamber under compression and just sparked. It also shows the volume ofAair trapped in the casing rising' with the column.

' 4II shows the expansion of the charge and the displacement ofthe-water in the expansion chamber 'and casing thereto. It

further shows the compression 'of air by the entrance of the waterpiston Ainto the air chamber;

The lower part for example and forv an indefinite distance upward fromthe inlet It also" pipe, the ex-I pansion chamber and the discharge pipeas f beinga dis- III shows the condition ofV partial vacuum/5115existing in the explosion and expansion spaces and the consequententrance of atmospheric air into the explosion and expansion spacesfilling them with air at atmospheric pressure having in its passagescavenged the spent gas from the explosion space. This diagram "alsoshows the highly compressed air in the air chamber discharging some ofthe water into the discharge column. It falso shows thewater entrancevalve dpen permitting thev entrance of fresh water.

shows water having entered and trapped commencing to rise in theexpansion chamber.

a volume of airj in the casing and iso noname V shows the return of thewater due to the pressure oit the head or the resilience of the cushion;closing of the suction valve; the compression et the charge in theexplosion chamber. In fact this diagram 'shows the end olf the cycle ofoperations as diagram I shows the beginning and 'they are consequentlyalike.

ll'nder the conditions indicated in the drawings, the operation ot theapparatus will be s 'follows :--T he explosion chamber 1 being suppliedwith air at a pressure above atmosphere caused in a manner hereinafterdescribed, At'uel is introduced into it by the pump 6 operated by thecompressed air acting upon piston 8. A spark is caused by 'the contactbreaking of the sparking devices 11 and 13 and the explosive mixtureformed of the air and the fuel being thereby in- Vflamed will generateheat within the explosion chamber 1 and cause a great expansion ot thegases therein contained. The charge expands in the explosion chamber andexpansion chamber 1G and thus displaces the contained water driving itout thereof into the discharge casing and air chamber 21. Continuedexpansion of the gases 't'orces the water so that it compresses thecontained air which is already compressed to or above the pressure ot'the head. The return or rcbound of the water is retarded or controlledbythe valve 19. The gases in the explosion chamber l. and expansionchamber 1G having parted with energy in performing the work o;tE forcingthe water into the air rhainber 21 are new unable to sustain theatmosphere pressing upon the outside of the valve 2 at the top of theexplosion chamber. Atmospheric prrssure consequently forces the valve Qope.. and air enters the explosion and expansion spaces carrying thespent gases forward and filling 'these spaces with spent gas and air toa pressure practically that ot atmosphere. Thus the spent gas isscavenged from and the explosion space is filled with pure air. Theexpansion chamber '1G being in the present form below the normal supplywater level, water flows through vthe valve 18 and compresses the air inthe expansion chamber 16 and in the casing Q2 below the valve 1S) to adegree commensurate with the gravity of the water. At the same time theincoming water separates the con tained air in the expansion chamber 16from that in the casing Q2 and traps in the latter a volume of air. Thevalve 19 being, as stated, an imperfect check or temporary restraintonly, permits the back flow or rebound of the waterl due 'to the headand the resilience of the cushion. This compresses the air in. theexpansion and explosion spaces. The air trapped in the casing meanwhilepasses upward into the column.Y Of course during these described stepsthe augmented pressurein the air chamber 21 due to the explosive energy,is asserting itself to drive out the water into the discharge casing 22and to its exit 23 above the surface. Therixzomprcssion o' the air inthe explosion chamber l is the condition started with, so it againoperates the ituel supply and sparker devices and thus repeatsindetinitely the cycle ot' operations.

At each operation, a volume of water and a volume of air iorced into thedischarge column. specific gravity ot' the combined column ot air andwater constituting the discharge stream, shown by shaded and blank partsin Figs. 5 and (l. Not only does tue discharge columndiminish inspecitic gravity but it is transformed from a solid incompressible inertcolumn into a resilient cushion readily compressible by a sudden andenergetic blow. In other words the discharge column is transformed froma solid incompressible l mass of great specific gravity into asensitive'continually renew ing spring of less specific gravitypeculiarly adapted to receive and store up in itself the energygenerated in the explosion chamber and return it in the form of usefulwork. It is obvious of course that in starting up the first time thereis no head dueto an outflowing stream, nevertheless there is somecompression both in the air chamber and ,in the explosion chamber due tosubmergence. This performs the same function of prior compression ofcharge that the head pert'orms to an added degree, in fact it is head,so :tar as this function is concerned. As the water rises in thedischarge column, so the prior compression increases in like ratio,therefore in starting up for the first time, all that is necessary is tointroduce a-nd ignite a charge by means of the handle 10 or prime thedischarge pipe with water.

The diagrams Figs. 5 and (3 are intended to illustrate the condition orresilient char acter otf the discharge stream and also the fact thatasthe entrapped and compressed air rises toward the sui-tace, itgradually expands with a consequent acceleration of the speed oi thedischarge water. This latter fact is illustrated by the increased spaceoccupied by air as compared with the uni form space occupied by watervtrom the bottom of the column to the top. Diagam.

. Fig. 5 also illustrates the location of the dis 'charge stream asbeing between the air chamber and the well casing. Diagram, Fig. 5further represents that-stage in the process ulrich this apparatuscarries into eil'ectin which the compressed gases are ready to beignited and the trapped volume of air is just ascending into thedischarge column by reasonV of, its buoyancy. Diagram` Fig. 6 shows theresilient discharge column located between the air chamber and an outer.pipe integral with the pump and independent of` Each volume al. airdiminishes the the Well casing. Diagram, Fig. 6 also shows acWater levelin the Well. rIhis level is the same in Fig. though owing to the vformvofthe apparatus it is not perceivable except in its effect. Diagram,Fig. 6 further illustrates that 'stage in the process at Which thecomplete expansion has taken place and the air inlet .valve is open so4that the atmos-` pheric pressure is supplementiiig` the Waning pressuredue to expl o sive energy resulting in greater travel of 'the `Waterpistons.

AIt has been 'stated in the foregoing description that the explosionchamber-1 and pipe 15 areV preferably locatedA Within the air chamberand that'the air chamber extends downward to near the bottom of theWell. In t-he first place the explosion chamber is surrounded by aneiiicient non-conductor which ,conserves the heat and consequent energyofthe i'nlaming gases and further this non-conductor is not of merelypassive character siich asl is placed for. example around steam pipesbut is of such a character in its present association' that Whateverheat is conveyed through the walls of the explosion chamber andconducting pipe is taken up and utilized by'the air in the air chamberand transformed into .useful Work in the form of neutralizing unbalancedatmospheric pres' sure by vatmosphericbalancing; conditions to preventheat dispersion except in effective wor-lr; utilizing neat radiatedfromor conducted through the Walls oflan explosion chamber in eii'ectivework; compression of charge prior to ignition; priorcoinpression otcharge in proportion to or greater than the resistance to be met by theexpansion of the inlaming chargeicompression automatically produced,regulated and controlled by the resistance to be overcome; diminishing'the specific gravity of a vvaterV column; transforming a column of'waterinto a resilientcushion;^`initial piston speed unlimi speed of expansionof in'laming'gas; imnie.

ited and comparable to the unrestrained diate conversion and storing ofenergy due to inilaming; expansion commensurate with .varying initialtemperatures; a piston of extreme mobility and sensitively responsive toinitial pressure of an iniiaming charge;

transmitting association between a piston' and power utilizingmeans 1nwhich the rey notaire sistance to be overcome is applied with increasinginstead of 'diminishing intensity commencing at m'l; diluting theproducts of combustion With a large volume of air; complete scavengingof spent or used gases. As thereforel this disclosure 'introduces inuseful expression such broadly novel principles, .functions and eiectsfor the utilization of theen'ergy of'explosive action and theirapplication to raising and moving of water, it is not desiredthat theinvention be limited to the forms, proportions or arrangements of thepartsherein illustrated or any particular mechanical expression thereof,but'I desire-to claim'the invention or inventions .herein inthe broadestmanner as a pioneer invention.

What I claim is :e-

` 1. The method of utilizing energyiderived from explo ions Whichconsists in Asustaining a coluinnvof material directly upon anexplosive, reducing the specific gravity of the sustained material andrendering it resilient, and expanding said explosive by ignitionvafterthe specific gravityv of sustained material has beenlreduced. j

` 2. The method of utilizing energy derived from explosions ivliichconsists in sustaining la column of liquid directly upon a resilientexplosive, reducing the specific gravity 'o the sustained liquid' andrendering it resilient and expand'ngV said explosive by ignitionafterthe speciiic liquid has been reduced.'

3. The hereiii desbribed process of inducgravity of sustainedy ing theflow of liquid from a Well Whichf4 f consists in aerating a column ofliquid and applying explosive ehergy to the bottom of the aeratedportion of the column of liquid after aerating.

4. The methodl of utilizing energy' derived`- from explosions Whichconsists 1n raising `Water by supporting the Waterito be raised directlyupon an explosive gas, introducingA a volume of air into the supportedWater and igniting the gas.

5. The method of utilizing energy derived from explosions which consistsin raising rio Water by supporting the column to be raised'v directlyupon an explosive gas inan inclosedv chamber, reducing'the gravity ofthe sup.- ported column before' ignition by the'intr'oduction of:inelastic fluid of less speciic gravity thereinto and igniting thegas'. i

(SEIThe process of raisingvwater by energy derived from explosions whichconsists in i'n'closingNY an explosive charge 'Within av chamber,supporting the Water upon an elasy tic cushion, compressing theexplosive charge, expanding the charge by ignition ias against theelastic cushion and reducing-the spleciiic gravity of the Water to beraised by thelintroduction thereinto of the products of explosion.

7. rlhe process of raising water by energy fisotoccare derived freinexplosions which consists in inclosing an explosive charge within achamber-,supporting the water to be raised upon an air cushion in saidchamber bet'ore the introduction of the charge and reducing its specificgravity,interposing a freely movable body between the charge and an aircushion, compressing the charge by the rcsilient force of the airCushion7 tiring the charge.

8. The method of utilizing energy derived from rapid combustion whichconsists in moving a water piston by the expansion of the products ofcombustion and admitting atmospheric pressure upon the same side of thepiston as the pressure of thc products of combustion.

9. The method of utilizing energy derived from explosions which consistsin interposing a liquid piston between an explosive chargerand anelastic cushion, iniiaming' said charge and permitting it to expandagainst the cushion and permitting atmospheric pressure access to theexpanding charge.

10. The process of raising water by energy :derived from explosionswhich consists in inclosing a gas within a chamber, causing the wat-erto be raised to be supported by said gas, expanding said gas against are silient'cushion interposed between it and the water to be raised,admitting atmospheric pressure and air to the expant ing gases andreducing the specific gravity of the water to be raised by mingling airwith it.

11. The process of raising water by energy derived from rapid combustionwhich consists in moving an unconnected piston by the expansion of theproducts of com bustion filling the expansion space with atmospheric airduring expansion and separating a portion of said air to form asubsequent charge. p

12. The method of utilizing energy derivedvfrom rapid combustion whichconsists in moving an unconnected piston against a resilient cushion bythe expansion o't the products of combustion, admitting atmospheric airand pressure to the expansion space during expansion and separating aportion of the admitted air to vform a subsequent harge.

13.` The method of utilizing energy derived from rapid combustion whichconsists in moving a liquid piston by the expansion of the products ofcombustion, admitting atmospheric air and pressure t0 the expansionspace during the expansion and separating a portion of the admitted airto form a subsequent charge.

`14;. The method of utilizing energy derived from ra id combustion whichconsists in moving a iquid piston against a resili- Ient cushion by theexpansion of the products of combustion, admltting atmospheric 'air andpressure to the expansion space during expansion and separating aportion of the admitted air to form a subsequent charge.

i5. lhe method of utilizing energy derived 'trom rapid combustion whichconsists in moving liquid by the expansion ci the products o'fcombustion, interposed between an unconnected piston and a volume ofwater to be raised, admitting atmospheric air and pressure to theexpansion space during expansion and separating'a portion of theadmitted air to form a subsequentl charge.

lo. The method of utilizing energy derived Afrom explosions whichconsists in inter-posing an unconnected piston between a gaseous chargeand a volume of water to be raised, moving the piston against aresilient cushion by the expansion of the gaseous charg admittingatn'iospheric air and prcssure to the expansion space during expansionand separating a portion of the admitted air to .torni a subsequentcharge.

17. The method oi utilizing energy dgrived :from explosions whichconsists in interposing a liquid piston between a gaseous charge and avolume of water to be raised, moving the piston against a resilientcushion hv the expansion ot the gaseous charge, admitting atmos'ihcric:ir and pressure to the expansion space during expansion and sepafrating a portion of the admitted air to form a subsequent charge.

1S. The method of utilizing energy derived from rapid combustion in theraising of water which consists in moving an unconnected piston by theexpansion of the products oi' combustion, admitting atmospheric air andpressure to the expansion space during expansion and separating aportion of the admitted air to form a subsequent charge, the remainingportion of the admitted air being utilized to reduce the specificgravity of the water to be raised.

19. The method oi. utilizing energy derived trom rapid cmnhustion in theraising of water which consists in moving an unconnected piston againsta resilient cushion by the expansion oi the products of combusi ion,admitting atmospheric air and pressure to the expansion space duringexpansion and separating a portion of the admitted air to :term a subseuent charge, the remaining portion of the ac mitted air being utilizedto reduce the specific gravity of the water to be raised.

20. lhe method oi? utilizing energy derived "from rapid combustion inthc raisingr ot water which consists in moving a liqui( piston by theexpansion ot'. the products of combustion, af'hn'itting atmospheric airand pressure to the expansion space during eX- pansion and separating aportion of the admitted air to form a suhse nent charge, the remainingportion oit the at nutted air being utilizedtoieducethe speciiic gravityof the.

water to be raised.

21. The method of utilizing energy derived froml rapid combustionin theraising- .of water which consist-s' 1n movmg a liquid piston againsty aresilient cushion by the expansion of the products of combustion,admitting atmospheric air and pressure to the expansion space duringexpansionand separat-ing a portion of the admitted air to form asubsequent charge, the remaining portion of the admitted air beingutilized to reduce the specilic gravity of the water to be raised.

22. The method of utilizing energy derived from explosions in theraising of water which consists in interposing an unconnected pistonbetween a gaseous charge and a volume of water to 'be raised', movingthe piston by the expansion of the gaseous charge, adm'ittingatmospheric air and pressure to the expansion space during expansion andseparating aportion of the admitted -air to. form a subsequent charge,the remaining portion of t-he admitted air being utilized to reduce thespecific gravity of the water to be raised.-

28. The method of utilizing energy de-v rived from explosions in theraising of water which' consists in interposing an unconnected pistonbetween a gaseous charge and a volume of. water to be raised, moving thepiston against a resilient cushion by the expansion of the gaseouscharge, admitting atmospheric air and pressure to the expansion spaceduring expansion and separating a portionof the admitted air to form asubsequent c'harge,'the remaining portion of the admitted air beingutilized to reduce the specific gravity of the water to be raised.

24:` The method of utilizing `energy derived from explosions in theraising of water which consists in interposing a liquid piston between agaseous charge and a volume ot'.

water to be ralsed, moving the piston against a reslhent cushion by theexpansion of the gaseous charge, admitting atmospheric air and pressureto the expansion space during expansion and separatingv a portion of theadmitted air to form a subsequent charge, the remaining portion oi?l theadmitted air being utilized to reduce the speciiic gravity of the waterto be raised.

25. The method of utilizing energy derived from explosions vin theraising of water which consists in interposing a liquid piston between agaseous charge and a volume of water to be raised, moving the piston bythe expansion of the gaseous charge, admitting atmospheric air andpressure to the expansion space during expansionand separating a portionof the admitted air to form a subsequent charge, the remaining portion lof the admitted air being utilized to reduce ineens rived fromexplosionswhich consists in introducing a volume of airibeneath a columnof water, separating a portion of the air and expanding it by. heat andutilizing the remainder of the air'to reduce "thespeciic gravity of thecolumn whereby the column of Water is raised. f 27.-'Ihe vmethod ofutilizing energy derived from explosions which consists in in troducinga volume of air beneathva column of Water, separating a portion of theair by an interposed volume of water and expanding it by heat, andutilizing the remainder vof the air to reduce the specilic gravityof thecolumn whereby the column of water is raised.

28. The method of utilizing energy derived from explosions'whichconsists in in# troducing a volume of air beneath a column of water,separating a portion oi." the air and 85 rendering itexplosive,utilizing the remainl der ofqthe air to reduce the specific gravity ofthe water column and igniting theex plosive.

29. The process ot' moving liquid which 90 consists in bringing acombustible charge `against a body of liquid, compressing and then'expanding the charge, thereby moving the liquid to-force liquid to agreater head. or pressure and utilizing pressure of return: ing liquidtointroduce and compress a combustible charge.

30. The process of moving liquid which consists in bringing acombustible charge against a bodyof liquid, compressing'and 100 `thenexpanding the charge, thereby moving the liquid to force liquid to agreater head or pressure and utilizing pressure of returning liquid tointroduce, compress and ignite a combustible charge.

31.- The process Aof moving liquid which consists in bringing acombustible charge against a' body of liquid, compressing and thenexpanding the charge,'thereby moving the liquid against a resilientcushion to com- 110 press the same and to force liquid to a greater heador pressure and utilizing pres-v sure of returning liquid to introduce acoms 'bustible charge.

32. The process of moving liquid which 115 consists in bringing a'combustible charge against a body of liquid, compressing and thenexpanding the chargefthereby moving the liquid 'toforce liquid toagreater head i or pressure and utilizing pressure of returning liquid tointroduce a-combustible charge and ent-rapping air with the liquid witheach expansion of a combustible charge to reduce the specific gravity ofthe `liquid column.

33. The process of moving liquid which consists in bringing acombustible charge against a body of liquid, com'pressing and thenexpanding the charge, thereby moving the liquid to force liquid to agreater head or 130 pressure und utilizing pressure of returning liquidto introduce u combustible charge and eiitiuppiiig iiir with tlie liquid-witli euch expuiision of :i combustible eliiirge to reduce the speciicgi'uvity of the liquid column und render tlie sume resilient.

3st. The process of iiioving'liquid which consists in bringing ncombustible charge ugiiiiist :i body ot' liquid7 compressing and llienexpanding tlie clizi'ige, thereby moving ilie liquid to force liquid toii greater head or pressure und permitting ii partial back lioiv o'tliquid, zitter the force of eacli eXpansioii is expended, to introduce ucombustible element.

B5. The process of moving liquid which consists in bringing ncombustible charge ugiiinst u body of liquid, compressing und ilieiiexpanding tlie eliiirge, thereby moving tlie liquid to torce liquid tozi greater lieiid or 36. The process of moving liquid wliieli 25consists in bringing :i combustible charge against n body of liquid,compressing and then expanding ilie eliiii'geLthei'cby moving the liquidto force liquid to :i greater liezid or pressure und utilizing pressureof return 30 ing liquid to introduce n combustible cliiirge undutilizing euch impulse to force liquid to greater lieiid or pressure, tointroduce 'tresli liquid und to entrzip iiii und curry sume along withthe liquid.

WILLIAM. ll. SMYTH.

. Witnesses.

A. B. Bomans, J. H. MILLER.

Copies o! this patent may bevobtained for ve cents each,` by addressingthe Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.

